امکان سنجی استناد به قاعده اتلاف در جبران خسارت قراردادی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استاد، گروه فقه و مبانی حقوق اسلامی،دانشکده الهیات، دانشگاه تهران (دانشکدگان فارابی) ، تهران: ایران.

2 دکتری، گروه حقوق خصوصی، دانشگاه علوم اسلامی رضوی، مشهد مقدس: ایران.

3 دکتری، گروه فقه و مبانی حقوق اسلامی،دانشکده الهیات، دانشگاه تهران، تهران: ایران.

10.22034/mfu.2025.142471.1487

چکیده

جبران خسارت ناشی از نقض قرارداد، با توجه به گسترش روزافزون روابط قراردادی، اهمیت فزاینده‌ای یافته است. در نظام حقوقی ایران، علاوه بر قواعد عام مسئولیت مدنی، قواعد فقهی نیز در این زمینه مؤثرند. یکی از این قواعد، قاعده اتلاف است که در فقه از موجبات ضمان قهری به‌شمار می‌رود. با این‌حال، کاربرد این قاعده که ریشه در مسئولیت قهری دارد، در حوزه مسئولیت قراردادی با چالش‌هایی مواجه است. این پژوهش با هدف بررسی چالش‌های استناد به قاعده اتلاف در جبران خسارت قراردادی انجام شده است. چالش‌های اصلی عبارتند از: تفاوت در ماهیت مسئولیت قراردادی و قهری؛ شرایط تحقق اتلاف در مسئولیت قراردادی و نحوه جمع میان توافق طرفین در قرارداد با قواعد عام مسئولیت قهری درخصوص جبران خسارت. در این پژوهش که با روش توصیفی-تحلیلی انجام شده، پس از بررسی دیدگاه‌های مختلف فقهی، دیدگاه اصطیادی بودن قاعده اتلاف به‌عنوان دیدگاه برگزیده انتخاب شده است. این دیدگاه با رویکرد حقوق ایران و سایر نظام‌های حقوقی سازگارتر است. با توجه به اصطیادی بودن این قاعده، می‌توان آن‌را در هر دو حوزه مسئولیت قراردادی و قهری به‌کار برد. همچنین، نقض عمدی قرارداد را می‌توان نوعی اتلاف تلقی کرد. درخصوص نحوه جبران خسارت نیز می‌توان توافق طرفین را با قواعد عام مسئولیت قهری جمع نمود. با این‌حال، در استناد به قاعده اتلاف در جبران خسارت قراردادی، باید به شرایط و محدودیت‌های آن توجه داشت.
کلیدواژه‌ها قاعده اتلاف، مسئولیت قراردادی، جبران خسارت، تقصیر، ضمان قهری

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Feasibility of Invoking the Rule of "Itlaf" in Contractual Damage Compensation

نویسندگان [English]

  • muhamad rasuol ahangran 1
  • mahdi miri 2
  • g s 3
1 Professor, Department of Theology, Faculty of Farabi Campus, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
2 PhD, Department of Law, Faculty of Private Law, Razavi University of Islamic Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,.
3 PhD , departmant of Jurisprudence and Fundamentals of Islamic Law, Faculty of Theology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Compensation for damages resulting from breach of contract has gained increasing significance due to the expansion of contractual relations. In the Iranian legal system, in addition to the general rules of civil liability, Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) rules are also influential in this area. One of these rules is the rule of "Itlaf" (unlawful destruction or consumption of another's property), which is considered one of the grounds for strict liability in fiqh. However, the application of this rule, rooted in strict liability, faces challenges in the realm of contractual liability. This research examines the challenges of invoking the rule of Itlaf in contractual damage compensation. This research addresses the challenges of: the difference in the nature of contractual and strict liability; the conditions for the realization of Itlaf in contractual liability; and how to reconcile the agreement between the parties in the contract with the general rules of strict liability regarding damage compensation.  This descriptive-analytical research, after examining various fiqh viewpoints, identifies the viewpoint of Itlaf being a discretionary rule as the preferred approach. This viewpoint is more compatible with the approach of Iranian law and other legal systems. Considering the discretionary nature of this rule, it can be applied in both contractual and strict liability domains. Also, intentional breach of contract can be considered a type of Itlaf. Regarding the method of compensation for damages, the agreement of the parties can be reconciled with the general rules of strict liability. However, in invoking the rule of Itlaf in contractual damage compensation, its conditions and limitations must be considered. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of damage compensation in contractual relations within the Iranian legal framework, with potential implications for legal practice and policy.
Keywords: Rule of Loss, Contractual Liability, Damage Compensation, Fault, Strict Liability

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Itlaf
  • Rule of Itlaf
  • Damage
  • Contract
  • Contractual Damage

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مطالعات تطبیقی فقه و اصول مذاهب
دوره 7، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 13
ناشر
مهر 1403
صفحه 206-186

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