سیر تحول رابطه جرم و مجازات؛ مطالعه تطبیقی اسلام سیاسی و فقاهتی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکترا، گروه حقوق کیفری و جرم‌شناسی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه فردوسی، مشهد، ایران.

2 کارشناسی ارشد، گروه حقوق، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران.

10.22034/mfu.2025.142875.1515

چکیده

موضوع این مقاله، تحلیل تعدادی از نظرات و تفاسیر ارائه‌شده در مورد جرم و مجازات در جوامع اسلامی پیشامدرن در گستره‌ی جغرافیایی منطقه‌ی نیل در آفریقا تا آمودریا در آسیای مرکزی و نحوه‌ی تعامل متقابل فقها و خلفا در این‌باره است. طلوع اسلام در شبه جزیره‌ی عربستان و شکل‌گیری حکومت‌های اسلامی، تدوین احکام ناظر به جرم و مجازات مجرمان و اجرای آن‌را منطبق با قرآن و روایات ضروری ساخت. حاکمان و سیاستمداران مسلمان تلاش کردند تا با پایبندی ظاهری به احکام فقهی کیفری مستنبط بر سلطنت خود مشروعیت ببخشند؛ اما اقتضائات سیّال حوزه‌ی سیاست در کنار ماهیت ثابت فقاهت باعث شد که خلفا با ایجاد شبکه‌های گسترده‌‌ی قضایی و اجرایی فاقد سابقه‌ی فقهی نظیر دیوان مظالم، پلیس شهری و محتسب عملاً از فتاوای فقهی کیفری‌ تا اندازه‌ای عبور کنند. گرچه این وضعیت باب طبع فقهای اهل سنت نبود؛ اما گروهی از ایشان در اثر پذیرش واقعیت‌های سیاسی موجود و این تصور که وجود حاکم ستمکار و در عین حال شریعتمدار، بهتر از نبودن یک حاکم است، در صدد برآمدند تا نقص سیاست را به سوزن مصلحت رفو کنند، توجیهات فقهی برای اقدامات کیفری حاکمان بیابند. از این طریق، پیوندی میان فقاهت و سیاست برقرار شد. با این‌حال، به‌دلیل سنی‌مذهب بودن خلفا، فقهای امامیه نقشی در بازی سیاست نداشتند. پژوهش حاضر براساس روش توصیفی تحلیلی به‌دنبال ارائه‌ی رویکردهای زمینه‌ای و فرارشته‌ای به حقوق کیفری اسلامی دوره‌ی پیشامدرن است.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

The Evolution of the Relationship between Crime and Punishment: A Comparative Study of Political Islam and Jurisprudential Islam

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohamadmehdi Sadeghi 1
  • Leila Jalilian 2
1 PhD Student, Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, University of Ferdowsi , Mashhad, Iran.
2 MA. Department of Law, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Razi, Kermanshah , Iran.
چکیده [English]

This article analyzes various opinions and interpretations regarding crime and punishment in pre-modern Islamic societies across the geographical expanse from the Nile region in Africa to the Amu Darya in Central Asia, and the mutual interaction between jurists (fuqaha) and caliphs on this matter. The emergence of Islam in the Arabian Peninsula and the formation of Islamic governments necessitated the formulation and implementation of rulings concerning crime and punishment of criminals in accordance with the Qur’an and narrations (hadith). Muslim rulers and politicians attempted to legitimize their reign by outwardly adhering to criminal jurisprudential rulings. However, the fluid requirements of politics alongside the fixed nature of jurisprudence (fiqh) led caliphs to effectively bypass criminal jurisprudential fatwas by creating extensive judicial and executive networks without jurisprudential precedent, such as the Court of Grievances (diwan al-mazalim), urban police, and market inspector (muhtasib). Although this situation was not to accepted by Sunni jurists, some of them, accepting existing political realities and believing that the presence of an oppressive yet Sharia-compliant ruler was better than no ruler at all, sought to mend the deficiency of politics with the needle of expediency, finding jurisprudential justifications for the penal actions of rulers. This way, a connection was established between jurisprudence and politics. However, due to the Sunni denomination of the caliphs, Imami jurists played no role in the game of politics. The present research, based on a descriptive-analytical method, seeks to provide contextual and interdisciplinary approaches to pre-modern Islamic criminal law.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Crime
  • Punishment
  • Jurisprudence (Fiqh)
  • Politics
  • Islam
  • Pre-modern
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