امکان سنجی تعمیم قاعده «لایبطل» به مصادیق فاقد ضمان و آثار آن؛ مطالعه تطبیقی فقه امامی، فقه شافعی و قانون مجازات اسلامی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

استادیار بخش حقوق جزا و جرم شناسی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران

10.22034/mfu.2024.141466.1437

چکیده

در راستای کاربرد حداکثری قواعد فقهی در حقوق کیفری، قاعده «لایبطل» در قانون مجازات اسلامی 1392 در قالب مواد متعدد، مورد تعمیم قرار گرفته و در عین‌حال، درخصوص امکان تعمیم این قاعده به مواردی مانند شهادت زنان در قتل عمد، پرداخت تفاضل دیه در قصاص مردِ قاتل توسط اولیای دم زن، دیه اهل ذمه، دیه سایر مقتولین در فرض وحدت قاتل و تعدد مقتول و .... تاکنون سخنی به‌میان نیامده است؛ لذا این مقاله براساس روش توصیفی ‌ـ تحلیلی در پرتو بازخوانی مجدد این قاعده، درصدد است بدین پرسش بپردازد که «مبانی تعمیم قاعده لایبطل در فقه امامیه، فقه شافعی و قانون مجازات اسلامی 1392 در موارد فقدان ضمان چیست؟»
یافته مقاله آن است که مبنای تعمیم قاعده لایبطل وظیفه دولتی ـ اجتماعی احیای عدالت و تأمین حقوق عامه، کاربست قاعده لاضرر در قالب تئوری رفاه، وظیفه دولت در جبران خسارت به‌واسطه قاعده «من علیه الغنم فعلیه الغرم» و قاعده الضرر یدفع بقدر الامکان است. در عین‌حال، قاعده لایبطل را می­توان بازتولید قاعده «لاضرر» در حقوق کیفری دانست. همچنین تعمیم قاعده براساس منطوق آن به‌دلیل اصطیادی بودن در فقه امامیه و شافعی، حجیت نداشته و لذا در تعمیم قاعده به موارد غیرمتیقن، باید به مبانی عقلانی تمسک جست. عقلانیتی که در هر دو فقه امامیه و شافعی به‌عنوان مبنای استنباط احکام، شمرده می­شود.
نتیجه آن‌که کاربرد اصلی این قاعده در جایی است که اصولاً ضمانی نمی‌تواند مطرح باشد؛ لیکن ضرورت عرفی ـ عقلی جبران خسارت از یک‌طرف و مسئولیت مطلق دولت در حفظ امنیت و رفاه از طرف دیگر، اقتضا دارد خون هیچ‌کدام از شهروندان جامعه اسلامی فارغ از دین، جنسیت و تابعیت هدر نرود. 

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Feasibility of the Generalization of the "Not wasting Muslim blood" Rule to Instances without Guarantee and Its Effects; A comparative study of Imᾱmῑ Jurisprudence, Shafi'i Jurisprudence, and Islamic Penal Code

نویسنده [English]

  • seyed mohamad mahdi sadati
Assistant Professor/Head of Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz,. Iran
چکیده [English]

In order to maximize the application of jurisprudential rules in criminal law, the rule of "Not wasting Muslim blood " has been generalized in the Islamic Penal Code of 2013 in the form of several articles, and at the same time, regarding the possibility of generalizing this rule to cases such as the testimony of women in intentional murder, the payment of the difference of Diyeh in the Revenge of the killer by the deceased's heirs, the Diyeh of the Ahl-al-Dhimma, the Diyeh of other victims in the assumption of the unity of the murderer and the multiplicity of the victims, etc. So far, nothing has been said.
Therefore, in the light of reviewing this rule, this article seeks to address the question that " What are the basics of generalizing this rule in Imamiye & Shafeyi jurisprudence and the Islamic Penal Code of 2013 in cases of lack of guarantee?
The finding of the article is that the basis of the generalization of this rule are state-social duty to restore justice and ensure public rights, the application of the no-harm rule in the form of the welfare theory and the government's duty to compensate for damages through the rule of "Whoever has the sheep, he must pay the penalty". At the same time, the "Not wasting Muslim blood" rule can be seen as a reproduction of the "harmless" rule in criminal law. Also, the generalization of the rule on the basis of its context is not valid, and therefore, in the generalization of the rule to uncertain cases, must be relied on other rational bases.
As a result, the application of this rule is where no guarantee exists, but the customary-rational necessity of compensation and the responsibility of the government to maintain security and welfare is required that the blood of any citizen of the Islamic society should not be wasted regardless of religion, nationality and citizenship. 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Not wasting Muslim blood" Rule
  • Guarantee
  • Imᾱmῑ Jurisprudence
  • Shafi'i Jurisprudence
  • Islamic Penal Code

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مطالعات تطبیقی فقه و اصول مذاهب
دوره 7، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 12
ناشر
فروردین 1403
صفحه 300-275

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